Benzothiazole antiviral agents

ABSTRACT

The invention encompasses a series of benzothiazole compounds which inhibit HIV entry and are useful for treating HIV infection and AIDS. The invention also encompasses pharmaceutical compositions and methods for using these compounds.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application U.S. Ser. No. 60/576,850 filed Jun. 3, 2004.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus-1) infection remains a major medical problem, with an estimated 42 million people infected worldwide at the end of 2002. The number of cases of HIV and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) has risen rapidly. In 2002, ˜5.0 million new infections were reported, and 3.1 million people died from AIDS. Currently available drugs for the treatment of HIV include nine nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors or approved single pill combinations(zidovudine or AZT (or Retrovir®), didanosine (or Videx®), stavudine (or Zerit®), lamivudine (or 3TC or Epivir®), zalcitabine (or DDC or Hivid®), abacavir succinate (or Ziagen®), Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate salt (or Viread®), Combivir® (contains −3TC plus AZT), Trizivir® (contains abacavir, lamivudine, and zidovudine); three non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: nevirapine (or Viramune®), delavirdine (or Rescriptor®) and efavirenz (or Sustiva®), and seven peptidomirnetic protease inhibitors or approved formulations: saquinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir, lopinavir, and Kaletra® (lopinavir and Ritonavir). Each of these drugs can only transiently restrain viral replication if used alone. However, when used in combination, these drugs have a profound effect on viremia and disease progression. In fact, significant reductions in death rates among AIDS patients have been recently documented as a consequence of the widespread application of combination therapy. However, despite these impressive results, 30 to 50% of patients ultimately fail combination drug therapies. Insufficient drug potency, non-compliance, restricted tissue penetration and drug-specific limitations within certain cell types (e.g. most nucleoside analogs cannot be phosphorylated in resting cells) may account for the incomplete suppression of sensitive viruses. Furthermore, the high replication rate and rapid turnover of HIV-1 combined with the frequent incorporation of mutations, leads to the appearance of drug-resistant variants and treatment failures when sub-optimal drug concentrations are present. Therefore, novel anti-HIV agents exhibiting distinct resistance patterns, and favorable pharmacokinetic as well as safety profiles are needed to provide more treatment options.

Currently marketed HIV-1 drugs are dominated by either nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors or peptidomimetic protease inhibitors. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRITs) have recently gained an increasingly important role in the therapy of HIV infections. At least 30 different classes of NNRTI have been described in the literature and several NNRTIs have been evaluated in clinical trials. Dipyridodiazepinone (nevirapine), benzoxazinone (efavirenz) and bis(heteroaryl) piperazine derivatives (delavirdine) have been approved for clinical use. However, the major drawback to the development and application of NNRTIs is the propensity for rapid emergence of drug resistant strains, both in tissue cell culture and in treated individuals, particularly those subject to monotherapy. As a consequence, there is considerable interest in the identification of NNRTIs less prone to the development of resistance.

The compounds of this invention inhibit HIV entry by attaching to the exterior viral envelop protein gp120 and interrupting the viral entry process, possibly by interfering with recognition of the cellular receptor CD4. Compounds in this class have been reported to have antiviral activity against a variety of laboratory and clinical strains of HIV-1 and are effective in treating HIV infection (see Hanna et al., Abstract 141 presented at the 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco, Calif., Feb. 8-11, 2004; Lin et al., Poster 534 presented at the 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco, Calif., Feb. 8-11, 2004; Hanna et al., Poster 535 presented at the 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco, Calfi., Feb. 8-11, 2004).

N-(3-aryl-3-oxo)acetyl piperidines have been disclosed. See Blair et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,469,006; Wang et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,476,034; Wang et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,632,819; Wallace et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,573,262 (continuation-in-part application of U.S. Ser. No. 09/888,686, filed Jun. 25, 2001); Wang et al., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/214,982 filed Aug. 7, 2002 (continuation-in-part application of U.S. Ser. No. 10/038,306 filed Jan. 2, 2002); Wang et al., patent application WO 03/092695, published Nov. 13, 2003; Wang et al., U.S. patent application US 20040063744, published Apr. 1, 2004. Nothing in these references teaches or suggests the novel compounds of this invention or their use to inhibit HIV infection.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention encompasses compounds of Formula I, IIa, and IIb including pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates, their pharmaceutical compositions, and their use in treating those infected with HIV.

One aspect of the invention are compounds of Formula I

-   -   wherein:     -   R¹ is     -   R² and R³ are independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   R⁴ and R⁵ are independently hydrogen, halo, cyano, C₁₋₆alkoxy,         CO₂R², CON(R²)(R²), or Ar⁵;     -   R⁶ is hydrogen, amino, C₁₋₆alkylamino, C₁₋₆dialkylamino, or         pyrrolyl;     -   R⁷ is cyano or is an aryl group selected from the group         consisting of phenyl, oxadiazolyl, and pyrazolyl where the aryl         group is substituted with 0-2 substituents selected from halo         and C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   Ar¹ is     -   Ar² is phenyl, furanyl, thienyl, or pyrrolyl and is substituted         with 0-2 substituents selected from the group consisting of         C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo, trifluoromethyl, cyano, amino, and hydroxy;     -   Ar³ is phenyl, furanyl, or pyridyl and is substituted with 0-2         substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkoxy,         halo, trifluoromethyl, cyano, amino, and hydroxy;     -   Ar⁴ is     -   Ar⁵ is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, or         tetrazolyl, and is substituted with 0-1 C₁₋₆alkyl;     -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

Another aspect of the invention are compounds of Formula IIa or IIb.

Another aspect of the invention are compounds of Formula I, IIa, or IIb where Ar¹ is

Another aspect of the invention are compounds of Formula I, IIa, or IIb where Ar¹ is

Another aspect of the invention are compounds of Formula I, IIa, or IIb where Ar¹

Another aspect of the invention are compounds of Formula I, IIa, or IIb where R⁶ is hydrogen, amino, or pyrrolyl.

Another aspect of the invention are compounds of Formula I, IIa, or IIb where R² and R³ are hydrogen.

Another aspect of the invention are compounds of Formula I, IIa, or IIb where R² is hydrogen and R³ is methyl.

Another aspect of the invention are compounds of Formula I, IIa, or IIb where R² is methyl and R³ is hydrogen.

Another aspect of the invention are compounds of Formula I, IIa, or IIb where R⁴ is methoxy or triazolyl where the triazolyl moiety is substituted with 0-1 C₁₋₆alkyl.

Another aspect of the invention are compounds of Formula I, IIa, or IIb where Ar² is phenyl substituted with 0-2 substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo, trifluoromethyl, cyano, amino, and hydroxy.

Another aspect of the invention are compounds of Formula I, IIa, or IIb where Ar² is phenyl.

Some compounds of the invention are

-   -   1-(2-benzothiazolylcyanoacetyl)-4-benzoyl-2-methyl-piperazine;     -   (2R)-1-[2-(2-benzothiazolyl)-1,2-dioxoethyl]-4-benzoyl-2-methyl-piperazine;     -   (2R)-4-benzoyl-1-[2-(6-methoxy-2-benzothiazolyl)-1,2-dioxoethyl]-2-methyl-piperazine;     -   (2R)-1-[2-(5-benzothiazolyl)-1,2-dioxoethyl]-4-benzoyl-2-methyl-piperazine;     -   (2R)-4-benzoyl-1-[1,2-dioxo-2-[2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-5-benzothiazolyl]ethyl]-2-methyl-piperazine;         and     -   (2R)-1-[2-(2-amino-5-benzothiazolyl)-1,2-dioxoethyl]-4-benzoyl-2-methyl-piperazine;     -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof.

“Alkyl,” “alkoxy” and related terms with an alkyl moiety include straight and branched configurations. “Aryl” includes carbocyclic and heterocyclic aromatic ring systems.

The invention includes all pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms of the compounds. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are those in which the counter ions do not contribute significantly to the physiological activity or toxicity of the compounds and as such function as pharmacological equivalents. These salts can be made according to common organic techniques employing commercially available reagents. Some anionic salt forms include acetate, acistrate, besylate, bromide, chloride, citrate, fumarate, glucouronate, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, hydroiodide, iodide, lactate, maleate, mesylate, nitrate, pamoate, phosphate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, tosylate, and xinofoate. Some cationic salt forms include ammonium, aluminum, benzathine, bismuth, calcium, choline, diethylamine, diethanolamine, lithium, magnesium, meglumine, 4-phenylcyclohexylamine, piperazine, potassium, sodium, tromethamine, lysine, arginine, N-methylglucamine, and zinc.

The invention also includes all solvated forms of the compounds, particularly hydrates. Solvates do not contribute significantly to the physiological activity or toxicity of the compounds and as such function as pharmacological equivalents. Solvates may form in stoichiometric amounts or may form from adventitious solvent or a combination of both. One type of solvate is hydrate, and some hydrated forms include monohydrate, hemihydrate, and dihydrate.

Synthetic Methods

The compounds of this invention can be made according to the schemes provided and other reactions known in the art. Schemes 1-3 illustrate procedures for making and modifying some compounds of the invention. Other related syntheses are known in the art. Further synthetic procedures are described in the specific embodiments section.

Compounds where R¹ is

can be made using methods described in Wang et al., U.S. patent application US 20040063744; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/762108, filed Jan. 21, 2004; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/541970, filed Feb. 5, 2004. These references are incorporated by reference.

Biological Methods

Cells: (virus production) human embryonic kidney cell line, 293, was propagated in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) containing 10% fetal Bovine serum (FBS, Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.); (virus infection) human epithelial cell line, HeLa, expressing the HIV-1 receptor CD4 was propagated in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) containing 10% fetal Bovine serum (FBS, Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) and supplemented with 0.2 mg/mL Geneticin (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.).

Virus: single-round infectious reporter virus was produced by co-transfecting human embryonic kidney 293 cells with an HIV-1 envelope DNA expression vector and a proviral cDNA containing an envelope deletion mutation and the luciferase reporter gene inserted in place of HIV-1 nef sequences. Transfections were performed using lipofectAMINE PLUS reagent as described by the manufacturer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.).

Experiment: HeLa CD4 cells were plated in 96 well plates at a cell density of 1×104 cells per well in 100 μl Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium containing 10 % fetal Bovine serum and incubated overnight. Compound was added in a 2 μl dimethylsulfoxide solution, so that the final assay concentration would be ≦10 μM. Single-round infectious reporter virus (100 μL) in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium was then added to the plated cells and compound at an approximate multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.01, resulting in a final volume of 200 μl per well. Virally-infected cells were incubated at 37 degrees Celsius, in a CO2 incubator, and harvested 72 h after infection. Viral infection was monitored by measuring luciferase expression from viral DNA in the infected cells using a luciferase reporter gene assay kit, as described by the manufacturer (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Indianapolis, Ind.). Infected cell supernatants were removed and 50 μl of lysis buffer was added per well. After 15 minutes, 50 μl of freshly-reconstituted luciferase assay reagent was added per well. Luciferase activity was then quantified by measuring luminescence using a Wallac microbeta luminescence reader.

The percent inhibition for each compound was calculated by quantifying the level of luciferase expression in cells infected in the presence of each compound as a percentage of that observed for cells infected in the absence of compound and subtracting such a determined value from 100. The effective concentration for fifty percent inhibition (EC₅₀) was calculated with Microsoft Excel Xlfit curve fitting software. For each compound, curves were generated from percent inhibition calculated at 10 different concentrations by using a four paramenter logistic model (model 205). The EC₅₀ data for the compounds is shown in Table 1. TABLE 1 Example EC₅₀ 1 A 2 A 4 A 5 A 6 A 7 A 8 A EC₅₀ <1 μM = A; 1-5 μM = B; >5 μM = C; >0.5 μM = D.

Pharmaceutical Composition and Methods of Use

The compounds of this invention inhibit HIV entry by attaching to the exterior viral envelop protein gp120 and interrupting the viral entry process, possibly by interfering with recognition of the cellular receptor CD4. Compounds in this class have been reported to have antiviral activity against a variety of laboratory and clinical strains of HIV-1 and are effective in treating HIV infection (see Hanna et al., Abstract 141 presented at the 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco, Calfi., Feb. 8-11, 2004; Lin et al., Poster 534 presented at the 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco, Calif., Feb. 8-11, 2004; Hanna et al., Poster 535 presented at the 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco, Calif., Feb. 8-11, 2004).

Accordingly, another aspect of the invention is a method for treating HIV infection in a human patient comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, IIa, or IIb, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Another aspect of the invention is a method for treating HIV infection in a human patient comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, IIa, or IIb, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, with a therapeutically effective amount of at least one other agent used for treatment of AIDS or HIV infection. Some suitable agents are nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors, HIV fusion inhibitors, HIV attachment inhibitors, CCR5 inhibitors, CXCR4 inhibitors, HIV budding or maturation inhibitors, and HIV integrase inhibitors.

Another aspect of the invention is a composition for treating HIV infection in a human patient comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, IIa, or IIb, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

“Combination,” “coadministration,” “concurrent,” and similar terms referring to the administration of compounds of Formula I, IIa, and IIb with at least one anti-HIV agent mean that the components are part of a combination antiretroviral therapy or highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) as understood by practitioners in the field of AIDS and HIV infection.

“Therapeutically effective” means the amount of agent required to provide a meaningful patient benefit as understood by practitioners in the field of AIDS and HIV infection. In general, the goals of treatment are suppression of viral load, restoration and preservation of immunologic function, improved quality of life, and reduction of HIV-related morbidity and mortality.

“Patient” means a person infected with the HIV virus and suitable for therapy as understood by practitioners in the field of AIDS and HIV infection.

“Treatment,” “therapy,” “regimen,” “HIV infection,” “ARC,” “AIDS” and related terms are used as understood by practitioners in the field of AIDS and HIV infection.

The compounds of this invention are generally given as pharmaceutical compositions comprised of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, IIa, or IIb, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and may contain conventional excipients. A therapeutically effective amount is that which is needed to provide a meaningful patient benefit. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are those conventionally known carriers having acceptable safety profiles. Compositions encompass all common solid and liquid forms including capsules, tablets, losenges, and powders as well as liquid suspensions, syrups, elixers, and solutions. Compositions are made using common formulation techniques, and conventional excipients (such as binding and wetting agents) and vehicles (such as water and alcohols) are generally used for compositions.

Solid compositions are normally formulated in dosage units and compositions providing from about 1 to 1000 mg of the active ingredient per dose are preferred. Some examples of dosages are 1 mg, 10 mg, 100 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg, and 1000 mg. Generally, other antiretroviral agents will be present in a unit range similar to agents of that class used clinically. Typically, this is 0.25-1000 mg/unit.

Liquid compositions are usually in dosage unit ranges. Generally, the liquid composition will be in a unit dosage range of 1-100 mg/mL. Some examples of dosages are 1 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, and 100 mg/mL. Generally, other antiretroviral agents will be present in a unit range similar to agents of that class used clinically. Typically, this is 1-100 mg/mL.

The invention encompasses all conventional modes of administration; oral and parenteral methods are preferred. Generally, the dosing regimen will be similar to other antiretroviral agents used clinically. Typically, the daily dose will be 1-100 mg/kg body weight daily. Generally, more compound is required orally and less parenterally. The specific dosing regime, however, will be determined by a physician using sound medical judgement.

The invention also encompasses methods where the compound is given in combination therapy. That is, the compound can be used in conjunction with, but separately from, other agents useful in treating AIDS and HIV infection. Some of these agents include HIV attachment inhibitors, CCR5 inhibitors, CXCR4 inhibitors, HIV cell fusion inhibitors, HIV integrase inhibitors, HIV nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, HIV non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors, budding and maturation inhibitors, immunomodulators, and anti-infectives. In these combination methods, the compounds of this invention will generally be given in a daily dose of 1-100 mg/kg body weight daily in conjunction with other agents. The other agents generally will be given in the amounts used therapeutically. The specific dosing regime, however, will be determined by a physician using sound medical judgement.

Table 2 lists some agents useful in treating AIDS and HIV infection which are suitable for this invention. TABLE 2 Antivirals DRUG NAME MANUFACTURER INDICATION 097 Hoechst/Bayer HIV infection, AIDS, ARC (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor) Amprenavir Glaxo Wellcome HIV infection, AIDS, ARC 141 W94 GW 141 (protease inhibitor) Abacavir (1592U89) Glaxo Wellcome HIV infection, AIDS, ARC GW 1592 (RT inhibitor) Acemannan Carrington Labs (Irving, ARC TX) Acyclovir Burroughs Wellcome HIV infection, AIDS, ARC, in combination with AZT AD-439 Tanox Biosystems HIV infection, AIDS, ARC AD-519 Tanox Biosystems HIV infection, AIDS, ARC Adefovir dipivoxil Gilead Sciences HIV infection, ARC, AL-721 Ethigen PGL HIV positive, AIDS (Los Angeles, CA) Alpha Interferon Glaxo Wellcome Kaposi's sarcoma HIV in combination w/Retrovir Ansamycin Adria Laboratories ARC LM 427 (Dublin, OH) Erbamont (Stamford, CT) Antibody which Advanced Biotherapy AIDS, ARC Neutralizes pH Concepts Labile alpha aberrant (Rockville, MD) Interferon AR177 Aronex Pharm HIV infection, AIDS, ARC Beta-fluoro-ddA Nat'l Cancer Institute AIDS-associated diseases BMS-232623 Bristol-Myers Squibb/ HIV infection, AIDS, (CGP-73547) Novartis ARC (protease inhibitor) BMS-234475 Bristol-Myers Squibb/ HIV infection, AIDS, (CGP-61755) Novartis ARC (protease inhibitor) CI-1012 Warner-Lambert HIV-1 infection Cidofovir Gilead Science CMV retinitis, herpes, papillomavirus Curdlan sulfate AJI Pharma USA HIV infection Cytomegalovirus MedImmune CMV retinitis Immune globin Cytovene Syntex Sight threatening Ganciclovir CMV peripheral, CMV retinitis Delaviridine Pharmacia-Upjohn HIV infection, AIDS, (RT inhibitor) ARC Dextran Sulfate Ueno Fine Chem. AIDS, ARC, HIV Ind. Ltd. (Osaka, positive asymptomatic Japan) ddC Hoffman-La Roche HIV infection, AIDS, Dideoxycytidine ARC ddI Bristol-Myers Squibb HIV infection, AIDS, Dideoxyinosine ARC; combinationwith AZT/d4T DMP-450 AVID HIV infection, AIDS, (protease inhibitor) (Camden, NJ) ARC Efavirenz DuPont Merck HIV infection, AIDS, (DMP 266) ARC (−)6-Chloro-4-(S)- cyclopropylethynyl- 4(S)-trifluoro- methyl-1,4-dihydro- 2H-3,1-benzoxazin- 2-one, STOCRINE (non-nucleoside RT inhibitor) EL10 Elan Corp, PLC HIV infection (Gainesville, GA) Famciclovir Smith Kline herpes zoster, herpes simplex FTC Emory University HIV infection, AIDS, (reverse transcriptase ARC inhibitor) GS 840 Gilead HIV infection, AIDS, (reverse transcriptase ARC inhibitor) HBY097 Hoechst Marion HIV infection, AIDS, (non-nucleoside Roussel ARC reverse transcriptaseinhibitor) Hypericin VIMRx Pharm. HIV infection, AIDS, ARC Recombinant Human Triton Biosciences AIDS, Kaposi's sarcoma, Interferon Beta (Almeda, CA) ARC Interferon alfa-n3 Interferon Sciences ARC, AIDS Indinavir Merck HIV infection, AIDS, ARC, asymptomatic HIV positive, also in combination with AZT/ddI/ddC ISIS 2922 ISIS Pharmaceuticals CMV retinitis KNI-272 Nat'l Cancer Institute HIV-associated diseases Lamivudine, 3TC Glaxo Wellcome HIV infection, AIDS, (reverse transcriptase ARC, also with AZT inhibitor) Lobucavir Bristol-Myers Squibb CMV infection Nelfinavir Agouron HIV infection, AIDS, (protease inhibitor) Pharmaceuticals ARC Nevirapine Boeheringer HIV infection, AIDS, (RT inhibitor) Ingleheim ARC Novapren Novaferon Labs, Inc. HIV inhibitor (Akron, OH) Peptide T Peninsula Labs AIDS Octapeptide (Belmont, CA) Sequence Trisodium Astra Pharm. CMV retinitis, HIV Phosphonoformate Products, Inc. infection, other CMV infections PNU-140690 Pharmacia Upjohn HIV infection, AIDS, (protease inhibitor) ARC Probucol Vyrex HIV infection, AIDS RBC-CD4 Sheffield Med. HIV infection, AIDS, Tech (Houston, TX) ARC Ritonavir Abbott HIV infection, AIDS, (protease inhibitor) ARC Saquinavir Hoffmann- HIV infection, AIDS, (protease inhibitor) LaRoche ARC Stavudine; d4T Bristol-Myers Squibb HIV infection, AIDS, Didehydrodeoxy- ARC thymidine Valaciclovir Glaxo Wellcome Genital HSV & CMVinfections Virazole Viratek/ICN asymptomatic HIV- Ribavirin (Costa Mesa, CA) positive, LAS, ARC VX-478 Vertex HIV infection, AIDS, ARC Zalcitabine Hoffmann-LaRoche HIV infection, AIDS, ARC, with AZT Zidovudine; AZT Glaxo Wellcome HIV infection, AIDS, ARC, Kaposi's sarcoma, in combination with other therapies Tenofovir disoproxil, Gilead HIV infection, AIDS fumarate salt (Viread ®) (reverse transcriptase inhibitor) Combivir ® GSK HIV infection, AIDS (reverse transcriptase inhibitor) abacavir succinate GSK HIV infection, AIDS (or Ziagen ®) (reverse transcriptase inhibitor) Reyataz ® Bristol-Myers Squibb HIV infection, AIDS (atazanavir) Fuzeon Roche/Trimeris HIV infection, AIDS, (Enfuvirtide, T-20) viral fusion inhibitor Trizivir ® HIV infection, AIDS Kaletra ® Abbott HIV infection, AIDS, ARC

Immunomodulators DRUG NAME MANUFACTURER INDICATION AS-101 Wyeth-Ayerst AIDS Bropirimine Pharmacia Upjohn Advanced AIDS Acemannan Carrington Labs, Inc. AIDS, ARC (Irving, TX) CL246,738 American Cyanamid AIDS, Kaposi's sarcoma Lederle Labs EL10 Elan Corp, PLC HIV infection (Gainesville, GA) FP-21399 Fuki ImmunoPharm Blocks HIV fusion with CD4+ cells Gamma Interferon Genentech ARC, in combination w/TNF (tumor necrosis factor) Granulocyte Genetics Institute AIDS Macrophage Colony Sandoz Stimulating Factor Granulocyte Hoechst-Roussel AIDS Macrophage Colony Immunex Stimulating Factor Granulocyte Schering-Plough AIDS, combination Macrophage Colony w/AZT Stimulating Factor HIV Core Particle Rorer Seropositive HIV Immunostimulant IL-2 Cetus AIDS, in combination Interleukin-2 w/AZT IL-2 Hoffman-LaRoche AIDS, ARC, HIV, in Interleukin-2 Immunex combination w/AZT IL-2 Chiron AIDS, increase in CD4 Interleukin-2 cell counts (aldeslukin) Immune Globulin Cutter Biological Pediatric AIDS, in Intravenous (Berkeley, CA) combination w/AZT (human) IMREG-1 Imreg AIDS, Kaposi's sarcoma, (New Orleans, LA) ARC, PGL IMREG-2 Imreg AIDS, Kaposi's sarcoma, (New Orleans, LA) ARC, PGL Imuthiol Diethyl Merieux Institute AIDS, ARC Dithio Carbamate Alpha-2 Schering Plough Kaposi's sarcoma Interferon w/AZT, AIDS Methionine- TNI Pharmaceutical AIDS, ARC Enkephalin (Chicago, IL) MTP-PE Ciba-Geigy Corp. Kaposi's sarcoma AIDS, Muramyl-Tripeptide Amgen in combination w/AZT Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor Remune Immune Response Immunotherapeutic Corp. rCD4 Genentech AIDS, ARC Recombinant Soluble Human CD4 rCD4-IgG AIDS, ARC hybrids Recombinant Biogen AIDS, ARC Soluble Human CD4 Interferon Hoffman-La Roche Kaposi's sarcoma, AIDS, Alfa 2a in combination w/AZT ARC SK&F106528 Smith Kline HIV infection Soluble T4 Thymopentin Immunobiology HIV infection Research Institute (Annandale, NJ) Tumor Necrosis Genentech ARC, in combination Factor; TNF w/gamma Interferon

Anti-infectives DRUG NAME MANUFACTURER INDICATION Clindamycin with Pharmacia Upjohn PCP Primaquine Fluconazole Pfizer Cryptococcal meningitis, candidiasis Pastille Squibb Corp. Prevention of oral Nystatin Pastille candidiasis Ornidyl Merrell Dow PCP Eflornithine Pentamidine LyphoMed PCP treatment Isethionate (IM & IV) (Rosemont, IL) Trimethoprim Antibacterial Trimethoprim/sulfa Antibacterial Piritrexim Burroughs Wellcome PCP treatment Pentamidine Fisons Corporation PCP prophylaxis Isethionate for Inhalation Spiramycin Rhone-Poulenc Cryptosporidial diarrhea Intraconazole- Janssen-Pharm. Histoplasmosis; R51211 cryptococcal meningitis Trimetrexate Warner-Lambert PCP Daunorubicin NeXstar, Sequus Kaposi's sarcoma Recombinant Human Ortho Pharm. Corp. Severe anemia assoc. Erythropoietin with AZT therapy Recombinant Human Serono AIDS-related wasting, Growth Hormone cachexia Megestrol Acetate Bristol-Myers Squibb Treatment of anorexia assoc. W/AIDS Testosterone Alza, Smith Kline AIDS-related wasting Total Enteral Norwich Eaton Diarrhea and Nutrition Pharmaceuticals malabsorption related to AIDS

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS

All Liquid Chromatography (LC) data were recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector with Mass Spectrometry (MS) data determined using a Micromass Platform for LC in electrospray mode.

LC/MS Method (i.e., compound identification). Column A: YMC ODS-A S7 3.0×50 mm column; Column B: PHX-LUNA C18 4.6×30 mm Column; Column C: XTERRA ms C18 4.6×30 mm column; Column D: YMC ODS-A C18 4.6×30 mm column; Column E: YMC ODS-A C18 4.6×33 mm column; Column F: YMC C18 S5 4.6×50 mm column; Column G: XTERRA C18 S7 3.0×50 mm column; Column H: YMC C18 S5 4.6×33 mm column; Column I: YMC ODS-A C18 S7 3.0×50 mm column; Column J: XTERRA C-18 S5 4.6×50 mm column; Column K: YMC ODS-A C18 4.6×33 mm column; Column L: YMC ODS-A C18 S3 4.6×33 mm column; Gradient: 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B; Gradient time: 2 minutes; Hold time: 1 minute; Flow rate: 5 ml/min; Detector Wavelength: 220 nm; Solvent A: 10% MeOH/90% H2O/0.1% Trifluoroacetic Acid; Solvent B: 10% H2O/90% MeOH/0.1% Trifluoroacetic Acid.

Compounds purified by preparative HPLC were diluted in methanol (1.2 ml) and purified using the following methods on a Shimadzu LC-10A automated preparative HPLC system.

Preparative HPLC Method (i.e., compound purification). Purification Method: Initial gradient (40% B, 60% A) ramp to final gradient (100% B, 0% A) over 20 minutes, hold for 3 minutes (100% B, 0% A); Solvent A: 10% MeOH/90% H₂O/0.1% Trifluoroacetic Acid; Solvent B: 10% H₂O/90% MeOH/0.1% Trifluoroacetic Acid; Column: YMC C18 S5 20×100 mm column; Detector Wavelength: 220 nm.

Intermediate 1

Preparation of (R)-N-benzoyl-N′-(2-cyano-acetyl)-2-methylpiperazine. DCC (2.43 g) and triethylamine (5 ml) were added into a solution of cyanoacetic acid (1.00 g) and (R)-N-benzoyl-3-methylpiperazine (2.84 g) in THF (50 ml). After reaction stirred at room temperature for 12 hours, solvents were removed under vacuum to give a residue which was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford 3 g of (R)-N-benzoyl-3-methyl-N′-(2-cyano-acetyl)piperazine. MS m/z: (M+H)⁺ calcd for C₁₅H₁₈N₃O₂ 272.14, found 272.17. HPLC retention time: 0.93 minutes (column H).

Intermediate 2

Preparation of N-benzoyl-N′-(2-cyano-acetyl)piperazine. N-benzoyl-N′-(2-cyano-acetyl)piperazine was prepared by the same method for of (R)-N-benzoyl-3-methyl-N′-(2-cyano-acetyl)piperazine. MS m/z: (M+H)⁺ calcd for C₁₄H₁₆N₃O₂ 258.12, found 258.15. HPLC retention time: 0.83 minutes (column H).

Intermediate 3

N-benzyl-N′-cyanomethylpiperazine. An excess of chloroacetonitrile (7 ml) was added in to a solution of benzylpiperazine (2 g, 10.5 mmol) in THF (100 ml) and Et₃N (10 ml). The reaction was stirred for 10 hours before quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (100 ml). The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (3×100 ml). The combined organic layer was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to a residue, which was used in the further reactions without any purification.

The following intermediates were prepared using the methods described above. MS MS(M + H)⁺ (M + H)⁺ Observ. And Structure Calcd. Retention Time

230.13 230.02 0.84 min (column I)

244.14 244.09 0.96 min (column I)

244.14 244.09 0.95 min (column I)

EXAMPLE 1

(R)-N-(benzoyl)-3-methyl-N′-[(benzothiazol-2-yl)-2-cyanoacetyl]-piperazine. NaHMDS (1.48 ml, 1M in THF) was added into a solution of (R)-N-benzoyl-3-methyl-N′-(2-cyano-acetyl)piperazine (190 mg) and 2-chlorobenzothiazole (100 mg) in THF (10 ml). After the reaction was stirred for 10 hours, 4 ml of solution was separated and quenched with MeOH. After solvents were removed under vaccum, the residue was purified using Shimadzu automated preparative HPLC System to give (R)-N-(benzoyl)-3-methyl-N′-[(benzothiazol-2-yl)-2-cyanoacetyl]-piperazine (15.4 mg).

EXAMPLE 2

(R)-N-(benzoyl)-3-methyl-N′-[(benzothiazol-2-yl)-2-oxoacetyl]-piperazine. To the reaction mixture above, acetic peracid (4 ml, 25% in acetic acid) was added and the resulted mixture was stirred for another 1 hour before being quenched by MeOH. After solvents were removed under vaccum, the residue was purified using Shimadzu automated preparative HPLC System to give (R)-N-(benzoyl)-3-methyl-N′-[(benzothiazol-2-yl)-2-oxoacetyl]-piperazine (7.4 mg).

EXAMPLE 3

(R)-N-(benzoyl)-3-methyl-N′-[2-(benzothiazol-5-yl)-2-oxo-1-cyano-ethyl]piperazine. NaHMDS (1.3 ml, 1M in THF) was added into a solution of N-benzoyl-N′-cyanomethylpiperazine (100 mg) and ethyl 5-benzothiazoate (106 mg) in THF (10 ml). The reaction was stirred for 10 hours. After solvents were removed under vaccum, the residue was purified using Shimadzu automated preparative HPLC System to give (R)-N-(benzoyl)-3-methyl-N′-[2-(benzothiazol-5-yl)-2-oxo-1-cyano-ethyl]-piperazine.

EXAMPLE 4

(R)-N-(benzoyl)-3-methyl-N′-[(benzothiazol-5-yl)-2-oxoacetyl]piperazine. NaHMDS (1.3 ml, 1M in THF) was added into a solution of N-benzyl-N′-cyanomethylpiperazine (100 mg) and ethyl 5-benzothiazoate (106 mg) in THF (10 ml). After the reaction was stirred for 10 hours, mCPBA (200 mg, >77%) was added and the resulted mixture was stirred for another 10 hours. Then solvents were removed under vaccum, the residue was purified using Shimadzu automated preparative HPLC System to give compound B-3, (R)-N-(benzoyl)-3-methyl-N′-[(benzothiazol-5-yl)-2-oxoacetyl]-piperazine (1.3 mg).

EXAMPLE 5

(R)-N-(benzoyl)-3-methyl-N′-[2-(5-methoxy-benzothiazol-2-yl)-2-imino-1-cyano-ethyl]-piperazine. NaHMDS (0.77 ml, 1M in THF) was added into a solution of (R)-N-benzyl-3-methyl-N′-cyanomethylpiperazine (100 mg) and 2-cyano-5-methoxy-benzothiazole (58 mg) in THF (10 ml). The reaction was stirred for 10 hours. Then 4 ml of the reaction mixture was separated and quenched with MeOH. After solvents were removed under vaccum, the residue was purified using Shimadzu automated preparative HPLC System to give (R)-N-(benzoyl)-3-methyl-N′-[2-(5-methoxy-benzothiazol-2-yl)-2-imino-1-cyano-ethyl]-piperazine (1.3 mg).

EXAMPLE 6

(R)-N-(benzoyl)-3-methyl-N′-[(5-methoxy-benzothiazol-2-yl)-2-oxoacetyl]-piperazine. The reaction mixture above was left stirring open to air for another 10 hours before being quenched by MeOH. After solvents were removed under vaccum, the residue was purified using Shimadzu automated preparative HPLC System to give (R)-N-(benzoyl)-3-methyl-N′-[(5-methoxy-benzothiazol-2-yl)-2-oxoacetyl]-piperazine (2.3 mg).

Table 3 lists further examples made using the reactions described above. TABLE 3 MS MS(M + H)⁺ (M + H)⁺ Observ. And Example Structure Calcd Retention Time 1

405.14 405.09 Rf = 1.75 min. (column E) 2

394.12 394.12 Rf = 1.62 min. (column E) 3

405.14 405.11 Rf = 1.63 min. (column L) 4

394.12 394.28 Rf = 1.31 min. (column C) 5

434.17 434.12 Rf = 1.94 min. (column H) 6

424.13 424.15 Rf = 1.56 min. (column C) 7

459.15 459.25 Rf = 1.75 min. (column C) 8

409.13 409.23 Rf = 1.12 min. (column C) 9

470.17 470.17 Rf = 2.05 min. (column L) 10

420.15 420.13 Rf = 1.37 min. (column L) 

1. A compound of Formula I

wherein: R¹ is

R² and R³ are independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆alkyl; R⁴ and R⁵ are independently hydrogen, halo, cyano, C₁₋₆alkoxy, CO₂R², CON(R²)(R²), or Ar⁵; R⁶ is hydrogen, amino, C₁₋₆alkylamino, C₁₋₆dialkylamino, or pyrrolyl; R⁷ is cyano or is an aryl group selected from the group consisting of phenyl, oxadiazolyl, and pyrazolyl where the aryl group is substituted with 0-2 substituents selected from halo and C₁₋₆alkyl; Ar¹ is

Ar² is phenyl, furanyl, thienyl, or pyrrolyl and is substituted with 0-2 substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo, trifluoromethyl, cyano, amino, and hydroxy; Ar³ is phenyl, furanyl, or pyridyl and is substituted with 0-2 substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo, trifluoromethyl, cyano, amino, and hydroxy; Ar⁴ is

Ar⁵ is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, or tetrazolyl, and is substituted with 0-1 C₁₋₆alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 2. A compound of claim 1 where Ar¹ is


3. A compound of claim 2 where Ar¹ is


4. A compound of claim 1 where Ar¹ is


5. A compound of claim 4 where R⁶ is hydrogen, amino, or pyrrolyl.
 6. A compound of claim 1 where R² and R³ are hydrogen.
 7. A compound of claim 1 where R² is methyl and R³ is hydrogen.
 8. A compound of claim 1 where R² is hydrogen and R³ is methyl.
 9. A compound of claim 1 where Ar² is phenyl and is substituted with 0-2 substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆-alkoxy, halo, trifluoromethyl, cyano, amino, and hydroxy.
 10. A compound of claim 9 where Ar² is phenyl.
 11. A compound of claim 1 selected from the group consisting of (2R)-1-[2-(2-benzothiazolyl)-1,2-dioxoethyl]-4-benzoyl-2-methyl-piperazine; (2R)-4-benzoyl-1-[2-(6-methoxy-2-benzothiazolyl)-1,2-dioxoethyl]-2-methyl-piperazine; (2R)-1-[2-(5-benzothiazolyl)-1,2-dioxoethyl]-4-benzoyl-2-methyl-piperazine; (2R)-4-benzoyl-1-[1,2-dioxo-2-[2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-5-benzothiazolyl]ethyl]-2-methyl-piperazine; and (2R)-1-[2-(2-amino-5-benzothiazolyl)-1,2-dioxoethyl]-4-benzoyl-2-methyl-piperazine; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 12. A compound of Formula IIa or IIb

wherein: Ar¹ is

Ar² is phenyl, furanyl, thienyl, or pyrrolyl and is substituted with 0-2 substituents selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkoxy, halo, trifluoromethyl, cyano, amino, and hydroxy; R² and R³ are independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆alkyl; R⁴ and R⁵ are independently hydrogen, halo, or C₁₋₆alkoxy; and R⁶ is hydrogen, amino, C₁₋₆alkylamino, C₁₋₆dialkylamino, or pyrrolyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 13. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 14. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 12 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 15. A method of treating HIV infection in a patient comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim
 1. 16. The method of claim 15 further comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one other agent for treating HIV selected from the group consisting of HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors, HIV fusion inhibitors, HIV attachment inhibitors, CCR5 inhibitors, CXCR4 inhibitors, HIV budding or maturation inhibitors, and HIV integrase inhibitors.
 17. A method of treating HIV infection in a patient comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim
 12. 18. The method of claim 17 further comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one other agent for treating HIV selected from the group consisting of HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors, HIV fusion inhibitors, HIV attachment inhibitors, CCR5 inhibitors, CXCR4 inhibitors, HIV budding or maturation inhibitors, and HIV integrase inhibitors. 